Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Russia has sparked substantial media attention and discussions about the India-Russia relationship. This visit has also generated curiosity among many about the prevalent religious affiliations within Russia. As a nation that spans two continents and a multitude of cultures, Russia exemplifies a diverse religious landscape. Notably, Russia has a population of approximately 142 million people who follow various religious practices.
Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Russia, with 71 percent of the population identifying with the faith. This makes Orthodox Christians the largest religious demographic in the country, making up more than half of the nation’s believers. Following Orthodox Christianity, Islam is practiced by about 5 percent of the population. Additionally, 15 percent of Russians identify as non-religious. The remaining 1 percent of the population adheres to a variety of other religions, including Buddhism, Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Hinduism, and Baha’i.
Orthodox Christians in Russia have a unique theological perspective that distinguishes them from other branches of Christianity, such as Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. They adhere to the Julian calendar and place a significant emphasis on the Church’s role in understanding Jesus Christ and practicing their faith.
The term ‘Orthodox Christian’ might appear straightforward, but it encapsulates a complex and deeply-rooted branch of Christianity. Orthodox Christians, much like their Western counterparts, believe in Jesus Christ and follow the teachings of Christianity. However, the similarities end there. Orthodox Christians emphasize the interconnection between the Church and Christianity. This profound reverence for the Church is evident in their religious practices and worldviews. They hold the belief that truly understanding and embodying Christianity necessitates thorough engagement with the Church.
To better understand the intricate landscape of Christianity in Russia, one must note that Christianity globally is primarily divided into three significant branches: Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox. Each branch has its distinct beliefs and practices. Roman Catholics, for instance, revere the Pope as the “Christ of Christ,” a figure of supreme spiritual authority.
. Orthodox Christians, on the other hand, follow the leadership of the Patriarchs of their respective national religious congregations but do not accord the same level of authority to the Pope of Rome. They are considered traditionalists and maintain distinct religious doctrines and customs.
In contrast, Protestant Christians interpret the Holy Bible as their sole religious authority and do not recognize the Pope. They share common doctrines with Catholics, such as the belief in sacraments. However, their practice differs in the observance of these sacraments. Protestants observe only two sacraments: the eucharist and baptism, while Catholics recognize seven sacraments including confirmation, marriage, holy orders, penance, and anointing of the sick.
While Orthodox Christianity forms the religious backbone of Russia, Islam also holds a significant place, especially in specific regions like Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The practice of Islam in Russia is as old as the religion itself, having been established among the Tatar and Bashkir peoples for centuries. Muslim communities in Russia celebrate religious festivals, maintain mosques, and follow Islamic teachings diligently.
Despite the overwhelming dominance of Orthodox Christianity, Russia’s religious diversity adds to the rich tapestry of its cultural heritage. Jewish communities, though smaller in number, have a longstanding history in Russia, dating back to the diasporic settlements. Judaism in Russia has faced numerous challenges through different historical periods but remains a vital part of the nation’s religious landscape.
Buddhism is another notable religion practiced primarily in regions such as Buryatia, Kalmykia, and Tuva. The Buddhist communities in these areas follow Tibetan Buddhism, and their cultural practices are an integral part of the regional identity.
Other smaller religious groups, such as Hindus, Baha’is, and adherents of indigenous faiths, also contribute to Russia’s multifaceted religious milieu. Hinduism, primarily brought by the Indian diaspora and spiritual movements, has seen a growing interest among Russians seeking spiritual alternatives.
In summary, Russia presents a complex and diverse religious environment dominated by Orthodox Christianity but enriched by the presence of multiple faiths and beliefs. This plurality not only reflects the country’s vast geographical spread but also its historical interactions with various cultures and civilizations. While Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit brings bilateral relations into focus, it also provides an opportunity to appreciate and understand the rich religious mosaic that defines Russia.
